Rotary calculators

Printing calculators

Mechanisms

Glossary

Other calculating devices

References and links

Acknowledgements

Wanted

References and Links

Books in English
Books in German
Books in French
Books in Italian
Books in Russian

Websites in English
Websites in English and other languages
Websites in German
Websites in Italian
Websites in French
Websites in Portugese
Websites in Spanish
Websites in Dutch
Websites in Japanese


Books in English

Aspray, William (ed.). Computing Before Computers. Ames: Iowa University Press, 1990.

Cobb, R.H. Mathematics With a Desk Calculator. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1970.

Cornelia, Nicholas J., Pasewark, William R. and Agnew, Peter L. Office Machines Course: Adding and Calculating Machines. Fourth Edition. Cincinatti: South-Western Publishing Co., 1971.

Darby, Edwin. It All Adds Up: The Growth of Victor Comptometer Corporation. Chicago: Victor Comptometer Corporation, 1968.

Horsburgh, E.M. (ed.). Handbook of the Napier Tercentenary Celebration, or Modern Instruments and Methods of Calculation. San Francisco: Tomash Publishers, 1982. Volume 3 in the Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing, reprint of original work from 1914.

Martin, Ernst. The Calculating Machines (Die Rechenmaschinen). San Francisco: Tomash Publishers, 1992. Volume 16 in the Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing, translated by Peggy Aldrich Kidwell and Michael R. Williams from original work in German from 1925.

Montgomerie, G.A. Digital Calculating Machines and Their Application to Scientific and Engineering Work. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. Inc., 1956.

Murray, Francis J. Mathematical Machines: Vol. 1 - Digital Computers. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961.

d'Ocagne, Maurice. Le Calcul Simplifié. San Francisco: Tomash Publishers, 1986. Volume 11 in the Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing, translated by J. Howlett and M.R. Williams from original work in French from 1928.

Pease, Katharine. Machine Computation of Elementary Statistics. New York: Chartwell House, Inc., 1949.

Randell, Brian (ed.). The Origins of Digital Computers. 3rd. ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1982.

Thomas, T.L. and Thomas, A. Mathematics by Calculating Machine. London: Cassell & Company, 1966.

"Tools of the Office." Administrative Management Magazine. Survey of calculating machines in the July 1962, November 1963, December 1964, February 1966, October 1967, August 1968, February 1969 and February 1970 issues.

Turck, J.A.V. Origin of Modern Calculating Machines. New York: Arno Press, 1972. Reprint of original work from 1921.

Williams, Michael R. A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1985.

Books in German

Anthes, Erhard. Rechende Räder: Mechanische Rechenmaschinen. Ludwigsburg: Studiengalerie Fach Kunst an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Ludwigsburg, 2001.

Büromaschinen Lexikon. Baden-Baden: Göller Verlag, issued yearly throughout the 1960's.

Glass, Joachim (ed.). Büromaschinen Kompass. Berlin: Allgemeine Handels-Auskunftei und Verlag Erich Glass, issued yearly throughout the 1960's.

Hennemann, A. Die Technische Entwicklung der Rechenmaschine. Aachen: Verlag Peter Basten, 1953.

Internationales Forum Historische Bürowelt e.V. Historische Bürowelt. Quarterly publication for members of the I.F.H.B.

Internationales Forum Historische Bürowelt e.V. HbW-Aktuell. Monthly publication for members of the I.F.H.B.

Lange, Werner. Mechanische Rechenmaschinen. Private publication, 1979.

Lind, Wilhelm. Büromaschinen. Füssen: C.F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung, 1954.

Meyer zur Capellen, W. Mathematische Instrumente. Leipzig: Akadamische Verlagsgesellschaft Becker & Erler Kom.-Ges., 1944.

Priebe, Otto. Rechenmaschinen im Büro. Teil 1: Was muß man von Zweispeziesmaschinen wissen?, Teil 2: Was muß man von Vierspeziesmaschinen wissen?. Baden-Baden: Robert Göller Verlag, 1955.

Reese, Martin. Neue Blicke auf Alte Maschinen. Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac, 2002.

Waize, Alfred. Die Welt der Rechenmaschinen. Erfurt: Desotron Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999.

Willers, Friedrich Adolf. Mathematische Instrumente. Berlin: Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1943.

Wittke, Heinz. Die Rechenmaschine und Ihre Rechentechnik. Berlin: Verlag Herbert Wichmann, 1943.

Books in French

Favier, Jean and Thomelin, Robert. La Mécanographie: Machines à calculer, Machines comptables, Machines à cartes perforées, Calculatrices et ensembles électroniques. 5th ed. La Chapelle-Montligeon: Les Éditions de Montligeon, 1963.

Marguin, Jean. Histoire des Instruments et Machines à Calculer. Paris: Hermann, 1994.

Taton, René. Le Calcul Mécanique. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1949.

Books in Italian

Brini, Daniele. Elementi di calcolo meccanico. 3rd ed. Bologna: Edizioni Calderini Bologna, 1968.

Degli Esposti, Raineri and Piergiovanni, Franco. La calcolatrice e il suo impiego in computisteria. Florence: C. E. Giunti Bemporad Marzocco, 1968.

Gallina, Vincenzo. Calcolo meccanico: applicato alla computisteria e technica commerciale. Turin: Marietti, 1972.

Salvetti, Adolfo and Pacchioli, Eugenio (ed.). Le macchine sapienti di Natale Capellaro. Ivrea: Associazione Archivo Storico Olivetti, 2002.

Soresini, Franco. Storia del calcolo automatico. Vol. 1: Calcolo numerico meccanico, Vol.2: Dalla mecanografia all'informatica, Vol. 3: Calcolo analogico e cibernetica. Rome: Confederazione Generale dell'Industria Italiana, 1977.

Books in Russian

Yevdokimov, I.S., Yevstigneev, G.P. and Kriushin, V.N. Цифровые Вычислительные Машины (Tsifrovye Vychislitel'nye Mashiny). Moscow: Mashgiz, 1961.

Golyshchev, L.K., Dobronevskii, O.V., Korovin, A.G. Основы Вычислительной Техники (Osnovy Vychislitel’noi Tekhniki). Kiev: Radyans'ka Shkola, 1965.


Websites in English

James Redin, Vintage Calculators
http://www.xnumber.com/xnumber/

John Wolff, John Wolff’s Web Museum
http://www.johnwolff.id.au/calculators

Walter Szrek, Herbert Schneemann, Rechenmaschinen Illustrated
http://www.rechenmaschinen-illustrated.com/

Andries DeMan, Original Documents on the History of Calculators
http://ajmdeman.awardspace.info/

Nigel Tout, Vintage Calculators Web Museum
http://www.vintagecalculators.com/

Ernie Jorgenson, Office Machines Americana
http://officemachinemanuals.com/

Fred Haeghens, Fred's Mechanical Calculators
http://users.skynet.be/Fredscalculators/main.htm

Erez Kaplan, Calculating Machines
http://www.webcom.com/calc/

Jay Goldman, Office Collectibles
http://www.jmgoldman.com/

Rick Bensene, The Old Calculators Web Museum
http://www.oldcalculatormuseum.com/

David Hicks, The Museum of HP Calculators
http://www.hpmuseum.org/

Brooke Boering, Comptometer – Biography of a Machine
http://members.cruzio.com/~vagabond/ComptHome.html

Greg Saville, Curta Calculators
http://home.teleport.com/~gregsa/curta/

Rick Furr, The Curta Calculator Page
http://www.vcalc.net/cu.htm

Nico Baaijens, Calculating Machines
http://www.calculi.nl/

Suomen Liikemiesten Kauppaopisto - Finnish Business College, Typewriter Museum SLK
http://typewriter.slk.fi/

Frank Rauck, The Friden Web Site
http://www.fridenites.com/

University of Melbourne - School of Physics, Physics Museum
scroll down and click on "Calculators"
http://www.ph.unimelb.edu.au/museum/index.php

Computer History Museum, Visible Storage - Samples From the Collection
click on "Ancient - 1940's" then "Pre-Computing" and then "Mechanical Devices"
http://www.computerhistory.org/VirtualVisibleStorage/home.html

IBM Corporation, Exhibits
under "General Reference" click on the "Antique Attic" links
http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/index.html

Brian Conlon, Totalizator History - A World's First
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~bconlon/


Websites in English and other languages

Rechnerlexikon (English and German)
An encyclopedia of mechanical calculation written by and for collectors of mathematical machines. Contents include over 1800 articles and a listing of over 9000 relevant patents. A perpetual work in progress, maintained and edited by Barbara Haeberlin.
http://www.rechnerlexikon.de/wiki.phtml